What Factors Control Carbon Mineralization and Flux in Bog Soils and Ho

I. Presentation: What is a Bog? Bog, from the old Gaelic bogach, is normally used to allude to any stretch of waterlogged, muggy ground. The words, fen, moor, muskeg, peatland, and soil are additionally used to portray these territories, which can prompt some disarray over phrasing. In particular, a swamp is a peat collecting wetland that has no huge inflows or outpourings and supports acidophilic greeneries, especially sphagnum (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993). Most by far of marshes are situated in the wet, cool boreal locales of North America and Eurasia. Swamps are additionally called peatlands as a result of the peat they aggregate, however peatland is a progressively broad term that incorporates minerotrophic and change peatlands. These wetlands additionally aggregate peat, yet they vary geologically and hydrologically from lowlands. Genuine marshes (ombrotrophic peatlands) are portrayed by peat layers higher than their environmental factors; they are frequently called raised swamps. They likewise get supplements and minerals only by precipitation, for example they are hydrologically secluded (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993 p.374). They structure in an assortment of ways, however once ombrotrophic (downpour sustained) peatlands create they are steady under genuinely wide ecological change (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993 p.372). This conversation will be restricted to the genuine lowlands, and they will be alluded to as swamps or peatlands. II. Peat Soils and Carbon Mineralization Peat is the name for the dirt that structures in lowlands and different peatlands. It is a natural soil (Histosol), made essentially out of somewhat rotted plant matter. The high level of natural filaments in peat makes it a fibrist, which is a Histosol containing short of what 33% rotted natural issue... ... the peat. Journal of Ecology 81 (1993), 615-625. Siegel, D. I. et al. Atmosphere driven flushing of pore water in peatlands Nature 374 (6 April 1995), 531-533. Vocalist, Michael J. what's more, Donald N. Munns. Soils: An Introduction. third ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall 1991. Soil Taxonomy USDA Soil Conservation Service Agricultural Handbook No. 436. 1975. T.R. Knowles and R. Moore. The impact of water table levels on methane and carbon dioxide levels from peatland soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69; 1 (1989), 33-38. Woodwell, George M. Biotic inputs from the warming of the earth. Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System. New York, Oxford University Press 1995, p3-19. Yavitt, Joseph B. et al. Control of carbon mineralization to CH4 and CO2 in anaerobic, Sphagnum-got peat from Big Run Bog. Biogeochemistry 4; 2 (1987), 141-157.

The Commercialization of Football Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Commercialization of Football - Assignment Example The English Premier League is one of the most sumptuous wearing groups on the planet. This class draws in football crews, for example, Chelsea, Manchester United, Liverpool, and so forth (Soderman and Dolles, 2013). Players in this alliance are winning a huge number of dollars, and this is through their week by week pay rates, and supports that they are getting from enormous organizations, for example, AIG, Nike, Samsung, and so forth (White 2013). Due to the immense measure of cash that is utilized by English groups to take care of their players, the vast majority of these clubs are consistently in obligations. A model is a club, for example, Manchester United, Liverpool and even Chelsea who are working their asset reports out of deficiencies. The fundamental partners to a football club are the proprietors, football chiefs, fans, the administration, players, the legislature and the Football Association. These partners accomplice to assume a job that has a degree of control on a club . The impact of each can be immediate or circuitous to the club. On the off chance that a club changes proprietorship like on account of Liverpool football clubs securing, the obligations of the club are moved to the new proprietors (Chadwick 2010), and it is their duty to support the obligation. In the responsibility for club, the legislature can choose to control the procedure and cutoff the effect of the group acquisitions on the presentation of the proprietorship. The Football Association is likewise a significant partner in the alliance, and this is on the grounds that it is answerable for setting up rules, and apparatuses for the games. Truth be told, without the FA, at that point the English Premier League would not be there (Kennedy and Kennedy 2014). These partners ordinarily have various interests, and as a result of these distinctions they regularly conflict on most events. Explain that the significant wellspring of contention between football directors, players, and the administration of the association lies on target.

4 pieces of career advice no one will give you

4 bits of profession exhortation nobody will give you You’ve heard all the works of art previously (counting from us!): revamp constantly your resume. Practice your non-verbal communication. Keep your system evergreen, since no one can really tell when you’ll need it. These are extremely significant and valuable tips for anyone’s vocation, regardless of what the business. In any case, if you’re simply beginning, there are some more†¦off-the-record things that everybody learns the most difficult way possible, however individuals don’t truly talk about. Let’s take a gander at a portion of the things that happen to a large portion of us, however aren’t fundamentally in the profession guides. 1. You’re going to fall flat (sometimes)That sounds very unforgiving and cynical, isn't that so? Be that as it may, it’s likewise evident. You’re not going to flop constantly, or more often than not don’t stress. In any case, some of the time, things will go severely, and you will run into the large â€Å"F.† It happens to us all the straight-An overachievers, the person who doesn’t care, the prepared proficient. Once in a while things just aren’t going to work out in a good way. And keeping in mind that it very well may be upsetting, particularly in the event that it prompts negative input or expert results, you must have the option to assimilate it, take what exercises you can, and proceed onward. Furthermore, when it occurs, recollect that you’re not the only one, and that probably the most significant exercises originate from falling all over once in a while.2. Set work-life limits earlyAt the beginning of any new position or profession way, you need to set an extraordinary initial introduction. The person who begins early (or is perfectly on time each day), remains late, deftly reacts to a nightfall email. Here’s the issue with that approach: it can transform into business as usual rapidly, as individuals begi n to expect that your hard-charging ways are only the manner in which you work and what they can anticipate from you. This isn't to state you should relax, or attempt to set desires low. Or maybe, ensure you’re marking out close to home limits and that you have individual outlets that equalization out the activity. On the off chance that you don’t have an exercise schedule, or de-focusing on movement, or something that keeps you upbeat and satisfied outside of work, that’s a most optimized plan of attack to burnout.3. Don’t take everything so seriouslyYes, your vocation is significant. Truly, you ought to be a solid supporter for yourself and not take poo from anybody. Be that as it may, if you’ve got your Game Face on constantly busy working, you risk estranging associates, supervisors, anybody on the less than desirable finish of your â€Å"don’t play with me† vibe. Being adaptable (and ready to make a stride back and relax) when im portant will assist you with keeping a sort of harmony at work.4. It’s alright to have fraud syndromeYou’ve most likely caught wind of â€Å"imposter syndrome,† where individuals feel like they’re insufficient at their occupations and that every other person is on the cusp of making sense of that they don’t have a place there. Turns out, a little instability can go far toward helping your profession. On the off chance that you feel a staggering feeling of inadequacy, that could imply that you need all the more preparing or direction. In any case, on the off chance that you have an inclination that you could take that feeling and direct it into proficient turn of events, or working all the more productively, at that point it tends to be a shelter to your career.No matter what your identity is, regardless of what work you do, the most significant profession counsel of everything is â€Å"don’t worry.† As long as you’re striving t o develop yourself at each progression of your vocation, you don’t consistently need to stress over whether you’re following the best possible exhortation it simply must be appropriate for you and your objectives.

Stop Frisk free essay sample

Racial Profiling in the Criminal Justice framework. Racial Profiling has been contended to be an extremely ineffectual style of network policing in the criminal equity framework. Utilizing the New York City Police Department, â€Å"Stop, Question Frisk† Policy as a model, I will show that profiling has prompted lower crime percentages which is appeared from a present and recorded perspective. Utilizing history as a device, in timespans where New York City seen the most noteworthy pinnacles of wrongdoing, through meetings and authority records, I will show information on various races being profiled for violations in various networks. Some would contend this is a bad form where law authorization offices have made approaches focusing on the networks of shading or various ethnicities. As expressed by a NYPD representative in 2011, â€Å"Blacks made up 53 percent of the stop subjects and were 66 percent of the rough wrongdoing suspects in 2011 For Hispanics, 34 percent were stop subjects and 26 percent were savage wrongdoing suspects. We will compose a custom paper test on Stop Frisk or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page † (Stop And Frisk Facts | New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU) American Civil Liberties Union of New York State) The inquiry can be raised is profiling an apparatus or a treachery? Does it upset police and network connections? does it help lower wrongdoing? The New York City Police Department was built up in 1845 and is the biggest Municipal law requirement organization in the United States. The office has more than thirty 6,000 cops in which watch New York City lanes and serve in other particular obligations locally and universally. The NYPD has made extraordinary steps to be the branch of approach creation and furthermore the maker of their wrongdoing battling measurement apparatus known as Compstat. Compstat was created in 1993 and reports violations inside the city dependent on the FBI Uniform Crime Report groupings and have been copied in different organizations all through the nation. (NYPD Official New York City Police Department Web Site) The NYPD Stop, Question and Frisk Policy (otherwise called â€Å"250’s†/UF-250 alluding to the structure Officers must round out concerning halting, addressing and searching a resident) is an approach made under the Bloomberg organization with Raymond W. Kelly as the magistrate of the division throughout the previous ten years. â€Å"Stop Frisk is the training by which NYPD officials starts a stop of a person in the city, in light of alleged sensible doubt of criminal activity†. (NYPDs Stop and Frisk Practice: Unfair and Unjust | Center for Constitutional Rights) This arrangement came to fruition in 2002, when Mayor Bloomberg alongside the Commissioner Kelly made â€Å"Operation Impact†. The activity put newcomer officials straightforwardly from the institute to watch a foot post in a horror territory. With the accomplishment of the program inside the principal year, the program was extended to incorporate more officials and new procedures to bring down wrongdoing. Stop, Question and Frisk is a discussion on the move call of each area inside the city in which I have seen firsthand. Before the period of Mayor Bloomberg, the NYPD embraced a style of Policing which was referred to as Community Policing or as it was alluded to as â€Å"C POP†. As per the United States Department of Justice Community Policing is characterized as: a way of thinking that advances hierarchical methodologies, which bolster precise utilization of organizations and critical thinking procedures, to proactively address the prompt conditions that emerge to open wellbeing issues, for example, wrongdoing, social issue and dread of wrongdoing. (COPS Office: What is Community Policing? ) From the late 1960’s to mid 2002 the NYPD embraced this type of policing and set up it as a regular occurrence inside their area of expertise. The police office extended its Community Affairs Division (which was made in 1967), which encourage positive police and network relations. (NYPD Official New York City Police Department Web Site) The division additionally made a unit in each order known as C POP unit. In a meeting with an official who was an individual from this unit for a long time, he expressed that the unit was a gathering of minority officials in which the network would become acquainted with. The objectives of the unit were to watch a characterized zone inside the order and have connections with youth, entrepreneurs, and the old. He expressed that the objective was to have an official that the network knew and furthermore to have an official that knows the individuals that dwell inside the network. The division likewise positioned greater Community Affairs officials, who wore an unmistakable uniform who was otherwise called the proactive officials. These officials would meet with the network to address concerns, give introductions on posse savagery and security. This official said with another police chief and city hall leader in 2002, the objectives of the division moved. An apparent move from this style of policing can be found in a 2010 Fourth of July occurrence. Where four cops in the Bronx was hurling a football around with a young man in the recreation center. The officials were â€Å"verbally castigated and punished for their activities. The officials were officially restrained and gotten lost five excursion days for their activities. One official, Mariana Diaz expressed â€Å"There’s a great deal of pessimism toward police†¦I need kids in the network to take a gander at us in a positive manner. † (Moving Forward in the NYPD: Community Policing is the Response to Community Outrage Security Center) In 2002 Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg made a NYPD Operation known as Operation Impact. This was a trying instrument to decide whether setting newcomer officials legitimately from the foundation to pre-decided effect zones to help lower wrongdoing. Foreordained effect zones where zones inside the city that has a horror rate. These areas included Brownsville, Red Hook, and Carroll Garden all in Brooklyn. The Upper East Side, Harlem all situated in Manhattan, the South Bronx and south Jamaica, Queens. With the organization of more than 1,000 officials into this recently framed Operation Impact, in 2003 the primary estimated year, the city seen a 33% drop in wrongdoing in the Impact Zone citywide. This came about to 3,612 less wrongdoing casualties. This sensational drop in wrongdoing has not been seen in New York City since the 1960’s. In that one year of audit this activity came about in more than 32,000 captures and right around 376,000 summons. (Effect Zones Expanded After Successful First Year, 2004) Thus the accomplishment of Operation Impact from 2002 to 2003, Operation Impact was extended to now cover 52 Impact zones. Of these fifty two zones, twenty five are inside twenty two areas, in twenty six tram stations and two zones in nine lodging advancements. This development made the arrangement known as Stop, Question and Frisk. (Effect Zones Expanded After Successful First Year, 2004) This arrangement help join a current NYPD activity known as â€Å"Operation Clean Halls†. Activity Clean lobbies has been in actuality since 1991 and has permitted police office to execute vertical watches, by going up into private and furthermore city claimed lodging advancements and leading stop and search look in corridors, with the proprietors authorization. Around the same time that Operation Impact was surveyed for it achievement, Operation Clean corridors in 2002-2003 alone cops directed 240,000 â€Å"vertical patrols† or stop and search look. (Mike Bloombergs New York: Cops in Your Hallways | Matt Taibbi | Rolling Stone) I join these two tasks together in light of the fact that with the extension of Operation Impact two zones presently spread nine horror lodging advancements in New York City. This old activity enabled officials to stop and search anybody in the lodging advancements while leading â€Å"vertical patrols†. A case of the impact that Operation Clean Halls has on Stop, Question and Frisk Policy is on June 15, 2011, three African American guys, where going out whose lives in a Bronx lodging advancement. The companions were halted in the flight of stairs by two cops. The mother of the companion who they were visiting saw them being halted in the flight of stairs and educated her child that they were being addressed by the Police. As her child went down steps, he seen his companions inclined toward the divider, cuffed and being looked. He told the officials that his companions were there to visit him and they were simply leaving. The three guys were taken to the 44th area, kept in holding cells for three hours and issues summons for intruding which was later excused. Under this Operation Clean Halls, the police can stop, question and search any resident that they accept to trespass and issue summons for intruding or neglecting to create government distinguishing proof. (Mike Bloombergs New York: Cops in Your Hallways | Matt Taibbi | Rolling Stone) Information discharged by the NYPD on the Stop Question and search approach has brought about shocking quantities of fighting stop and search, in which has seen a lot of network out sob for change of the police division or autonomous oversight. As per the Center for Constitutional Rights, in 2011 a most noteworthy record since 2003, 685,724 individuals were halted by the NYPD. 84% of that figure was African American Latino occupants. In review these two races on contain to around twenty three and twenty nine percent of New York City populace. Since 2002 NYPD stop and search has expanded by over 600%. Where in 2002 the absolute stops were 97,837 when contrasted with 2011 the all out stops where 685,724. In 2002 the all out number of Frisk was just 52,803 when contrasted with 2011 sums of 381, 704. (NYPDs Stop and Frisk Practice: Unfair and Unjust | Center for Constitutional Rights) Of the all out number of stop and search there was in 2011, o

Deontology and the Categorical Imperative Free Essays

To start with, let us analyze acting in a deontological way. Demonology is â€Å"the regularizing moral position that Judges the ethical quality of an activity dependent on the action’s adherence to a standard or rules† (â€Å"Ethics-virtue†, Standard Encyclopedia of Philosophy). For somebody to act in a deontological way, he should follow a game-plan not on the grounds that it makes the best measure of good either themselves or others, but since it is the â€Å"right† activity. We will compose a custom paper test on Deontology and the Categorical Imperative or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now A deontological accepts that it is their â€Å"duty† to follow these ethical objectives, and it is these qualities which are the premise which Emmanuel Kant puts together his Categorical Imperative with respect to. In Kantian, a hypothesis of demonology created by Emmanuel Kant dependent on his Categorical Imperative, we should settle on choices dependent on our obligation to other people and that it isn't the action’s outcomes which make it right or wrong, yet the thought processes of the person who is doing them (Kant, Emmanuel. 1780. â€Å"Preface†). For instance, on the off chance that I state, I don't kill other individuals since I would not wish others to kill, I am acting deontological in light of the fact that as a general public we would not wish murder to turn into an all inclusive principle. Likewise, I would not wish somebody to covertly swindle Investors and steal organization cash, however more on that soon. In the event that an individual is to act in this unequivocally UN;deontological way, they may have advocated it in one of two likely different habits. The first non-deontological hypothesis we somebody could work with is utilitarianism. In this ethical hypothesis, â€Å"the appropriate game-plan is the one that expands utility, explicitly characterized as augmenting bliss and diminishing suffering† (Utilitarianism. N. D. ) In Wisped. Recovered January 20, 2013, from http://requesting others, we despite everything don't wish this to happen however this time it is on the grounds that the demonstration of homicide doesn't augment satisfaction as a general public. The loss of a person as such would bring down the entire be it either from a creation viewpoint, or due to the feeling impediment it brings others. Abuse of a corporation’s assets could be Jus tified in a specific situation, so we will add this to our tool kit of intentions in now. A second non-deontological moral hypothesis we should analyze is the possibility of pretention. With self love, a person’s essential drive is to improve their own advantages †be they scholarly, physical, cultural, or in any case †over the interests of others (Egotism. (n. D. ) In Wisped). Inside the setting of our model about homicide, an egomaniac doesn't want for homicide to exist basically in light of the fact that the person would not wish to be killed. Inside the extent of business tasks, this belief system would appear to frame the premise of most practices. While the headway of an enterprise would be central according to those with the most personal stake, this ethical rule can be appalling in a general public that doesn't share this conviction as the standard of the land. Let us currently take a gander at two of the moral issues raised by the Delphic Communications case. The main issue we will inspect is the way that Delphic was utilizing two distinct arrangements of bookkeeping books, one with doctored numbers that was given to financial specialists, and one which indicated the genuine funds and what was being controlled for the fake figures. This, as per declaration delivered by James R. Earthy colored, Dahlia’s previous VP of account (Grant, 2004, p. CLC). Individuals from the Riggs family were eventually prosecuted for plundering the organization of more the $100 million and supporting $2 billion under water. Despite a contention of either this being a concealment so as to shroud the Riggs family’s individual utilization of organization reserves, or simply a strategy to defer financial specialist shock so as to settle extraordinary obligations caused by Delphic activities, this can't be viewed as a deontological based move. Adherence to ones obligation to the organization and its center activities is in opposition to these sorts of conduct. Additionally, under no condition would lying scripturally about a company’s prosperity in a free enterprise society be considered as being attractive as a regularizing rule. Best case scenario, if this were done as to purchase the organization time to right its funds, this activity could be shunned as utilitarian if the basic objective was to forestall alarm on Wall SST. What's more, to expand society’s total assets. Likelier, this was a prideful based rationale all together for the Riggs family to proceed with their acts of utilizing the organization as their own â€Å"piggy-bank† figuratively speaking. There is proof of this being the situation dependent on the following moral issue we will address. Over the span of examinations did throughout this case, it was secured that individuals from the Riggs family had likewise utilized corporate cash to back a fairway on private family property of theirs (The SEC, 2002). Much like the recently referenced moral issue, it is hard to decide in what, assuming any, way this activity could be shunned as either a deontological or completely basic choice. In the event that it were the standard for individuals from any organization with access to corporate subsidizing to utilize them on private undertakings without earlier endorsement, there would be hardly any enterprises which would have the option to work in quite a bit of any limit. Predominant having abused subsidizes that were distributed for real business activities. In any event, when seen considering an utilitarian angle, the Jobs which would have been made through the development and activity of said green would not have justified an unapproved use of this greatness outside of the company’s ordinary business tasks. The individual from the Riggs family who approved the utilization of these assets ought to have rather decided to utilize his own capital so as to back this undertaking in the event that it was genuinely that essential. Using Dahlia’s none so as to construct this task falls completely inside the extent of a narcissist strategy for thinking. These couple models were nevertheless a couple of features that were revealed over the span of the Delphic prosecution. Individuals from the Riggs family probably won't have seen a conclusion to their realm had they made a stride back and assessed the outcomes of their activities, however the basis behind what they were doing. Demonology and all out goals, as most resolve systems, are hard to apply in each situation. Making the right decision for its rightness, or on the grounds that t is your obligation to act with a particular goal in mind can bomb in an occasion of grave social significance. As instanced in the strung conversation this week, if a developer of atomic rocket advancements learns of an assault by his boss against another country carries out their obligation lie with the assailant or the individuals who might be assaulted? Of the ethical dynamic instruments talked about in this paper, Egotism, Utilitarianism, Demonology, and Categorical Imperatives all give an alternate response to the inquiry close by. The individuals from the Riggs family may at present feel they are in the eight if their evil increases were more noteworthy than the agony of detainment from a carefully Egotistic model. The most effective method to refer to Deontology and the Categorical Imperative, Papers

The 13 Books Im Saving for My Daughter

The 13 Books Im Saving for My Daughter Obviously, I hope my daughter someday loves every single book I also love. That way, I can look forward to a future in which we sit around in our matching cat slippers and fleece pajama pants while braiding each others hair and debating the relative merits of psychological horror versus supernatural horror. In reality, I know my daughter will develop her own interests, wholly distinct from mine. How else to  explain her obsession with  poop-themed picture books and her enjoyment of the outdoors? Still, there are some books I read and enjoy  and immediately think: Emily will love this someday. Or: Emily will  need  this. For the moment, Em is at the stage (2 and a half) where shes still merely memorizing all the words to  The Saddest Toilet in the World,  rather than actually reading them. But in preparation for the day when she no longer needs me to read aloud to her, Im stockpiling the following books: Dana Simpsons Phoebe and Her Unicorn. I was charmed by this comic about a young girl and her best friend: a magical unicorn named Marigold Heavenly Nostrils (teehee). Like Calvin Hobbes, but with an infusion of girl power, Simpsons comic tackled loneliness and blooming friendship in a way that gave me the warm fuzzies when it wasnt making me snort laughter. Noelle Stevenson and Grace Elliss Lumberjanes.  Of course, Phoebe is merely the precursor to my true obsession. I am madly  in love with Lumberjanes,  a middle grade comic about a group of BFFs  battling supernatural beings at a summer camp vaguely reminiscent of the one I attended as a Girl Scout. Im saving every single volumeâ€"about friendship and loyalty and kicking assâ€"for my future warrior. Michael Endes  The Neverending Story.  Before I started reading horror and only horror, and before my parents started worrying that their daughter was a bit morbid, my favorite childhood book was  The Neverending Story. For one, its a book about a bookâ€"irresistible for a book nerd. For another, its epic tale of  bravery and the magic of imagination was one I couldnt help coming back to again and again. I saw myself in Endes lonely, bullied, bookish young narrator, and it was wildly gratifying to see his growth throughout the course of the book. Sandra Cisneross  The House on Mango Street.  Endes book was all plot, but Cisneross writing is pure poetry. It came into my life at the perfect time for a young girl who was growing to love words, and gave me a window into the life of someone whose day-to-day looked very different from my own. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichies  Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions.  This letterâ€"which is being released as a book this coming Marchâ€"was initially a response to a friend who wondered how to raise her baby girl as a feminist. The suggestions Adichie came up with are pure brilliance, and the perfect road map for any mother / daughter duo to follow on the way to full-fledged womanhood. Alida Nugents  You Dont Have to Like Me.  I mentioned in a previous post that this book reminded me of my own feminism primer back in the day, Jessica Valentis  Full Frontal Feminism.  Obviously, I plan to pass it along to my daughter. Roxane Gays  Bad Feminist.  And since were on a roll with essential feminist texts, she just  has  to read the book that made me feel better about  being an imperfect feminist. I first claimed the identity of feminist for myself when I was 22. Then, over time, I started to suspect I was too flawed to be a  true  feminist. Gays essay collection has helped me reclaim feminism at a time when womens rights are facing a devolution. Cheryl Strayeds  Tiny Beautiful Things.  This is the book I gift to every woman in my life. And Em is the most important woman in my life (and also the most adorable). I find that this book is the perfect balm when Im going through a rough patch. It imparts both perspective and wisdom. Heather Corinnas  S.E.X.  You may have noticed in past posts of mine that Im a huge proponent of sex ed from an early age. When Em has graduated from the board books, Ill pass along this book from the founder of Scarleteen for her to read in her own time. Laurie Halse Andersons  Speak.  And because fiction can also impart important lessons, Ill also suggest  Speak.  I read this one at the end of 2016.  It’s a YA about a year in the life of a teenage girl who is sinking under the weight of a big, terrible secret: her rape at the hands of a high school senior the summer before. This book was gripping and true and heartbreaking and insightful, and the narrator is exactly who Id want my daughter to be going on this journey with. Claudia Rankines  Citizen.  I waited far too long to read Rankines much-lauded prose poem about experienced racism in our culture. I wont let Em make the same mistake. Isabella Rotmans  Not on My Watch.  This comic artist regularly does artistic collaborations with Scarleteen. But I actually learned about her myself when I interviewed Erika Moen of  Oh Joy, Sex Toy.  This slim graphic manual is the perfect how-to on consent and responsible bystander-ship. Jolie Kerrs My Boyfriend Barfed in My Handbag and Other Things You Cant Ask Martha.  Finally, in the event Emily ever moves out (a reality thats difficult to imagine at a time when Im counting down the days til we send her to preschool) shell need this. Because she certainly wont learn how to clean from me. Im useless in that department. At least Im teaching her how to cook. And to read, for that matter.

The Ambiguity of Sacrifice Understanding Pis Change of Character - Literature Essay Samples

Equivalent exchange, an absolute law in nature, dictates that one must give up something so that one may gain something that is equal in value. By this logic, sacrifice is, at its very core, a necessity in life; however, it is also a gray area with no definite lines for good or bad. Yann Martel’s The Life of Pi illustrates this overarching theme throughout Piscine â€Å"Pi† Patel’s struggle to overcome the daunting task of survival in solitude. After a storm washes away all hints of life and hope, Pi, alone and scared, struggles to come to terms with the fact that the life he once lived is now gone, such that neither religion nor family can help him anymore. Equipped with sparse supplies and miles of water between him and land, Pi is set adrift on a lifeboat for two-hundred twenty-seven days, with only a Bengal tiger to keep him company and the constant threat of insanity and death shadowing his every action. Each sacrifice Pi makes is a price he must pay to keep himself alive, even if the outcome can be considered worse than the alternative based on differing perspectives of the situation. Despite his formerly principled lifestyle and faiths, Pi soon learns that he must leave behind or look past his core beliefs and step out of his comfort zone in exchange for survival, exemplifying the necessity of sacrifice and its ambiguous nature. Richard Parker is such an important figure to Pi’s survival that Pi purposely sacrifices his own safety and comfort to keep the tiger and, by default, himself alive. After the other animals are killed, Richard Parker offers Pi something that nothing else can during his lonely journey: companionship. Stranded in the middle of the ocean with no hope for rescue, it is in this deep loneliness that Pi realizes his fear of insanity spurred by solitude overpowers his fear of Richard Parker; this epiphany allows him to choose Richard Parker’s survival over his own immediate safety: â€Å"It was Richard Parker who calmed me down. It is the irony of this story that the one who scared me witless to start with was the very same who brought me peace, purpose, I dare say even wholeness† (Martel 162). In quelling Pi’s need for companionship and keeping him occupied and alert, Richard Parker fills Pi’s empty days with work rather than allowing him to dawdle his thu mbs. This allows Pi to focus on keeping both of them alive rather than waste away, hopeless. However, by keeping the tiger alive, Pi endures the constant fear of having Richard Parker turn on him and kill him; still, to him, this outcome is much better than being completely alone. Pi’s sacrifice to keep Richard Parker alive in the form of depleting supplies and psychological horror pays off in the comfort of knowing he might not die alone on the ocean. This toxic relationship between the tiger and Pi progresses until Pi admits that â€Å"without Richard Parker, [he] wouldn’t be alive today to tell you [his] story† (164). Despite Richard Parker constantly terrorizing Pi and making his life on the boat a nonstop game of paranoia and walking on eggshells, Pi realizes that his nemesis is also his savior. The fact that both of them are stuck in the same situation together brings comfort to Pi, who sees no hope in his survival, and Richard Parker is always there to mo tivate him to continue on—if not for the tiger, then for himself. He considers the tiger so valuable that he is willing to cohabitate in order to subvert the threat of loneliness that he predicts will kill him if left alone for long enough. Pi admitting that Richard Parker is a â€Å"good† thing for him despite the obvious discomfort he feels augments just how deep his trauma is, therefore highlighting the significance of his sacrifice. In this case, while his survival can be considered â€Å"good,† the trauma he receives because of it leads this particular sacrifice to err more on the side of negligence. In surviving, which is always a â€Å"good† thing, Pi now has to live with permanent trauma for the rest of his life. As such, keeping Richard Parker alive is both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad,† thus illustrating the unclear nature of sacrifice. Pi also says while looking back on the events that transpire throughout the novel, â€Å"Richard Parker has stayed with me. I’ve never forgotten him. Dare I say I miss him? I do. I miss him. I still see him in my dreams. They are nightmares mostly, but nightmares tinged with love. Such is the strangeness of the human heart† (6). Pi’s dependency on Richard Parker throughout his time on the boat morphs his perception of him to the point where he looks back with fondness in spite of the tiger’s antagonistic role. Pi finds that despite Richard Parker’s nightmarish existence on the lifeboat, he remembers him as the one thing that kept him alive, busy and focused. This is proof that Pi has been p sychologically scarred by the tiger, so much so that he has recognized his own dependency on Richard Parker and openly accepts it as evidence that his decision to keep Richard Parker alive was a good one. However, this is not the case. Both scenarios of cohabitating with Richard Parker despite the mental strain and the alternative of solitude are classified as â€Å"bad† because they offer different types of anguish either way. Just because one choice seems better than the other does not mean that it is a â€Å"good† choice. Without Richard Parker, Pi would have been alone and without much work to keep him occupied, which he admits to, but with Richard Parker around, Pi still receives trauma that does not disappear even into adulthood. Although Pi’s choice of sacrifice does bear fruit and proves to be crucial to his survival, it cannot be so easily colored black or white. It blurs the lines between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad,† laying down a gray are a that concludes his sacrifice to be neither singularly good nor bad but, rather, both. Contrary to his religious beliefs, Pi turns a blind eye to his faith in order to survive. Born and raised a Hindu, Pi still conforms to the Hindu vegetarian values that disapprove the act of harming and eating other living animals, even after he accepts Christianity and Islam as a part of himself. These beliefs prevent him from killing or eating meat. On the lifeboat, however, as supplies dwindle and desperation sets in, Pi realizes that he must kill and eat sea life in order to survive: â€Å"It was simple and brutal: a person can get used to anything, even killing† (185). He ultimately forgoes his Hindu values and kills a dorado when he finally accepts that his life is at stake. He weeps in anguish at first, but he easily moves past his disposition towards killing and eating meat when it proves to be an invaluable act of survival. This keeps him alive, even at the expense of desensitizing him to violence and betraying his Hindu teachings. Even Pi himself considers his action s deplorable, but that does not keep him from repeating it. Any act of heresy is considered to be culturally shameful and â€Å"bad,† but Pi’s actions keeps him alive, which makes the sacrifice of religion both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† rather than one or the other. Eventually, when killing becomes second nature to Pi and he is able to cope by compartmentalizing survival and religion, he narrates, â€Å"I laid hands on so many fish that my body began to glitter from all the fish scales that became stuck to it. I wore these . . . like tilaks, the marks of colour that we Hindus wear on our foreheads as symbols of the divine† (196). He mentions his faiths very rarely after he begins his carnivorous diet, but he still ironically relates the proof of his misdoings to the tilaks of Hindus, as if to mock how far he has fallen. Even though Pi is willing to look past his religious beliefs to survive, it still makes him feel guilty, but that is not enough to make him stop. He subconsciously acknowledges this and always seems to feel ashamed in the back of his mind despite never officially confronting this conflict. Throughout the first part of the novel, Pi tells the audience that his religious beliefs are very important to him, enough to cause tensions within his family. Even so, not even his attachment to religion lasts in the face of starvation. In fact, this is one of the first things Pi overlooks, starting with his consumption of the biscuit made from animal fat, believing that the higher powers will overlook his act of desperation. As the novel progresses, Pi moves farther and farther away from religion until it is one of the last things on his mind. In sacrificing his devoutness, Pi ensures that he survives starvation. However, while Pi’s survival is a good thing in that his life is saved, he al so personally considers his actions â€Å"bad.† The reverse—Pi dying instead of betraying his religious beliefs—is also a â€Å"bad† outcome, but if he starves to death rather than eat meat or the biscuit, this can also be considered â€Å"good† because his devoutness stays true. In one case, he dies because of staying true to his Hindu values, and in the other, he stays alive by betraying them. Death is inherently â€Å"bad,† but so is becoming a heretic; thus, neither of Pi’s choices can be classified as wholly good or bad since both have their vices. Ultimately, either choice Pi makes is subject to different views of religion and life and, depending on which side one favors, can be seen as ambiguous in nature. Yann Martel’s The Life of Pi features an intimate take on the necessity and dual perception of sacrifice. Throughout his journey, Pi learns that the things he had once valued in the past are both worthless to uphold when his life is at stake and invaluable tools for his survival when betrayed. His sacrifice takes the form of keeping Richard Parker alive in order to satiate his loneliness and betraying his Hindu upbringing to eat meat. In both cases, Pi’s choice keeps him alive in mind and body; however, in keeping Richard Parker alive, Pi lives in constant fear and paranoia, stressed with every move the tiger makes, and eating meat causes him to betray his beliefs, which already have an established importance in his life. These trade-offs make his choices â€Å"bad† in that he attains deep psychological damage and turns his back on the lifestyle he lived. Even so, it is still â€Å"good† that he is ultimately kept alive. By this double standard, Pi’ s sacrifices and the outcomes they produce augment the fact that not all sacrifices are singularly good or bad but, rather, gray and subject to opinion. Works Cited Martel, Yann. The Life of Pi. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001.

The O.J. Simpson Trial Essay - 1611 Words

The O.J. Simpson Trial On June 12,1994, Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered. Their bodies were discovered outside Nicole Simpsons condominium. Nicole Simpson was the estranged wife of the famous football player and T.V. star O.J. Simpson. The people directly involved with this case are Judge Lance Ito, the prosecution lawyers, Marcia Clark and Christopher Darden, the defense lawyers, Johnnie Cochran, Robert Shapiro and Robert Blasier , the jury and the defendant, O.J. Simpson. The families of the victims have also been present in the courtroom, as well as other spectators and news media. This case has heard one hundred and twenty witnesses over a nine month period. The prosecutions physical evidence includes†¦show more content†¦He also testified that the tests done on the glove and Bronco were untrustworthy due to sloppy evidence handling. Henry Lee testified that blood swatches collected near the crime scene were left to dry overnight but the evidence showed a damp swatch ended up in Simpsons packaging. Detective Mark Fuhrman testified for the prosecution side that he was the first detective at the crime scene and he was the one to find the bloody glove. He testified at a preliminary hearing that he climbed the wall of O.J.s estate and found a bloody glove on a path. Authorities stated the dark right - handed leather glove was the mate of the other glove found near the murder scene. Richard Rubin,a glove designer and manufacturer, testified for the prosecution. He said that the gloves O.J. Simpson wore when he worked as a sports commentator were the same design as the gloves found at the crime scene and on O.J.s estate. He identified them as Aris Lights, model number 70263. These are the same type of gloves Nicole bought Simpson in 1990. When Simpson was asked to put the gloves on in front of the jury the gloves appeared not to fit. The prosecution suggested the blood shrank the gloves. Blood expert, Herbert Mac-Donell had conducted an experiment to show that the blood wouldnt have shrunk the gloves as much as the prosecution says it did. The defence also has a theory that police planted evidence to frame O.J. Simpson. DefenceShow MoreRelatedThe O.J Simpson Trial 1287 Words   |  6 Pagesevent so tragic being televised, and you have yourself a hit with everyday U.S citizens. The O.J Simpson Trial was a turning point in not only the American judicial system, but it completely changed the thoughts that there was no more racial division in our country. People suddenly viewed our court system as a broken, failed section of our government due to the outcome of the trial. Orenthal James â€Å"O.J.† Simpson was born on July 9th, 1947 in San Francisco, California. At his local high school he soonRead MoreA Summary of the O.J. Simpson Trial1974 Words   |  8 PagesO.J. Simpson stated, â€Å"I think I’ve been a great citizen† (Simpson). The O.J. Simpson trial was one of the most followed cases in history (Blohm 64). On the evening of June 12, 1994, Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered (Piombini). The trial against O.J. began on January 24, 1995 and ended on October 2, 1995 (Blohm 59). Going into the trial, O.J.’s fate had already been sealed due to the fact that nobody wanted to prosecute a football legend and an actor (Piombini). In the fictionalRead MoreEssay on O.J. Simpson Murder Trial1021 Words   |  5 PagesO.J. Simpson 1 O.J. Simpson Murder Trial Kyle Vladetich Robert Haywood CRIM 101 September 20th, 2012 O.J. Simpson Murder Trial Introduction On June 12, 1994, Former American football star O.J. Simpson (Orenthal James Simpson) was arrested for the brutal murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman in their Brent-wood townhouse. Police reports indicate that Nicole and Ronald where both repeatedly stabbed to death. O.J. served 473 days in custody forRead MoreO.J. Simpson and the Trial of the Century Essay2070 Words   |  9 PagesThe trial of the century, as the O.J. Simpson case came to be known brought the world to a standstill. The publicity before, during and after the trial proceedings was the astonishing. Pretrial publicity brought upon issues that required the application of relevant cases and the amendments of the constitution. With such a famous person as the main suspect in a murder trial the media wanted to provide as much information to the public as they possibly could. The 1st Amendment of the United StatesRead MoreThe Trial Of The People V. O.j. Simpson1196 Words   |  5 Page sOften termed â€Å"The Trial of the Century†, the case of The People v. O.J. Simpson was one of the most publicized in the world. Orenthal James Simpson was born in San Francisco on July 9, 1947. Whilst at USC, he had started college football, which would lead him to have a famous career with the National Football League, which he retired from in 1979. During this time, Mr. Simpson married his first wife, Marguerite L. Whitley, and had three children. Afterwards, O.J. Simpson moved onto his acting andRead MoreEssay on O.J. Simpson Trial: Did He Do It?1201 Words   |  5 Pagesbehind closed doors. Orenthal O.J. Simpson lived a rough life growing but, instead of that taking over his life he decided to make a change by becoming a football hall of fame, actress/tv star and later being turned to a serial killer. Was the killing done out of love or spight? Or did he even do it? O.J. Simpson was born July 9, 1947 in San Francisco, California. He is the son of Eunice Simpson and Jimmy Lee Simpson. He is also the brother of three other siblings. O.J. was raised in the PotreroRead MoreO.J. Simpson and the Trial of the Century Essay examples2621 Words   |  11 PagesThe OJ Simpson case has been hailed The Trial of the Century. One of the longest running court trials in history, this case was filled with conspiracy, controversy, and the power of celebrity. The biggest part of the trial was the evidence. The submission of the blood samples, the DNA testing, and the articles of clothing made the case what it was. Amidst all the accusations of planted evidence and conspiracy plans against Simpson, the jury and Judge Ito had to try to sift through and find SimpsonRead MoreThe Difference Between Private and Public Law Systems in the O.J. Simpson Trial735 Words   |  3 PagesThe article from Financial Times â€Å"The many trials of OJ Simpson† draws ou r attention to some important questions, including the following: how can someone be acquitted in criminal court and later found liable for the tort of wrongful death? What are the key differences between private and public law systems? Let us start by answering the question about the differences between public and private law. There are several critical distinctions between  public law and  private law. The main one is thatRead MoreThe Trial Of The Century953 Words   |  4 Pages In 1985, â€Å"The Trial of the Century† involving the murder of Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ron Lyle Goldman. O.J. Simpson was accused of being the murderer in these two cases. From January to October, the trial went on and on, and more people thought that he was guilty and that he actually murdered his ex wife and friend, Nicole and Ron. Reporters and lawyers were everywhere. After ten long months of the trial O.J. Simpson was pronounced â€Å"not guilty† verdict. Some reporters, family membersRead MoreShow Me A Hero, And I Will Write You A Tragedy1242 Words   |  5 PagesO.J. Simpson Trial â€Å"Show me a hero, and I will write you a tragedy† (qtd in â€Å"O.J. Simpson†). This quote written by F. Scott Fitzgerald perfectly depicts the fate of O.J. Simpson after he was accused and acquitted of the double murder of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend, Ronald Goldman on the night of June 12, 1994. O.J. Simpson was born and raised in San Francisco, California where his mother worked as an orderly in a psychiatric ward and his father as a porter in a private club

A Midsummer Night s Dream And Measure For Measure

Two of Shakespeare’s most famous comedies are A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Measure for Measure. Both plays highlight the importance of marriage in society, even if they do so in different ways. Written sometime in the late 1500s, A Midsummer Night’s Dream follows the story of a complex love triangle in which a forbidden relationship exists. The play reveals the importance of familial relationships in creating marriage, and shows that marriage serves a specific social function. In some ways, Shakespeare highlights that marriage is seen as more of an arrangement. This is illustrated with the political marriage between the Duke and the queen of the Amazon, Hippolyta, and the proposed marriage between Hermia and her father’s suitor, Demetrius. This mirrors the political and social environment of the time, as Queen Elizabeth I had not yet been married and there was no clear heir to the English throne. Marriage holds great importance and is one of the only oppo rtunities for women in patriarchal English society, as we see through the immense pressure put on Hermia by her father to marry a suitable man. The end of the play is resolved, however, and the marriages seem to be the fulfillment of love. In Measure for Measure, Shakespeare seems to be much more cynical about the functions of marriage. Like A Midsummer Night’s Dream, this play ends with marriages, but they seem more forced, through means of deception and authority. Sexuality, desire, and power all feed into the theme ofShow MoreRelatedLove and Marriage in Renaissance Literature1228 Words   |  5 Pagescreated couple who sometimes were not allowed to love each other and above all whose main concern was not the well being of their families. Thus, Lysander and Helena (in A Midsummer Nights Dream) Romeo and Juliet, or Othello and Desdemona, married for love rather than financial conveniences and inheritances. In Shakespeare s plots, there were usually two forms, but the lovers were always disapproved by their families and societies. Anyway, in one of these two forms, the families tried to selectRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet977 Words   |  4 Pagessome noteworthy comedies for the time period like Much Ado about Nothing and A Midsummer s Night Dream. While some of his plays have straightforward storylines and the title is extremely revealing about the characters and meaning of the play, other titles are more vague and hidden to the unexamining eye. One title that is noticed for having this effect of being vague to its reader is the dark comedy called Measure by Measure. There are many reasons and theories speculated upon the selection processRead MoreFemale Sexuality in Shakespeare4830 Words   |  20 PagesQuestion Compare and contrast the representation of female sexuality in Cymbeline, the Sonnets, and one of the plays: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Richard II, Hamlet, Antony and Cleopatra, Measure for Measure or King Lear.       Both Cymbeline and A Midsummer Night’s Dream  (AMND)  are both set in a patriarchal environment where both genders grapple for control. Valerie Traub defines the distinction between gender sex and gender behavior as â€Å"Sex refers to the . . . biological distinctions betweenRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Influence On The Course Of World History1440 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare s first child was named Susanna, and she was born on May 26,1583. Two years later, on February 2,1585, Anne was pregnant with twins. Their names were Hamnet and Judith. Hamnet, however, died at age 11 due to unknown causes. When the twins were born the â€Å"lost years† came into effect (â€Å"William Shakespeare Biography†). This period of time was seven years where there were no records of Shakespeare. Throughout the years, Shakespeare made a living as an actor and playwright. In the early 1590’s, ShakespeareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s English Literature Essay1667 Wo rds   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare has been best known for his poems, plays and masterful piece of writings in the English language. He has been referred to as the England s national poet and the Bard of Avon. He produced over thirty eight plays, hundred fifty four sonnets, five poems, and more verses. Shakespeare s plays consist of mainly tragedies, comedies and histories which are regarded as one of the best in those genres. The plays, the poems, and the sonnets have had a significance influence in EnglishRead MoreAlan Menken s The Whole New World1554 Words   |  7 Pages Norman Menken, DDS, was a piano playing dentist (Biography Comments 1). His whole family loved Broadway musicals and they spent many nights together just listening to his father play piano, Alan once said, â€Å"I showed an interest in piano at a very young age, but I hated to practice, so when my parents left the room I d make up my own version of the piece. That s how I started composing† (The Wh ole New World of Alan Menken 1). Menken lived a very happy and prosperous childhood at home with his sistersRead MoreRhetorical Devices3007 Words   |  13 Pagesstressed syllables of words that are in close | | |proximity while the consonants differ | | |Breathing like one that hath a weary dream (Tennyson, The Lotos-Eaters) | | |Gun, drum, trumpet, blunderbuss and thunder (Pope, Imitations of Horace) | |consonance |two or more consonants areRead MoreEssay on Biography of William Shakespeare2736 Words   |  11 PagesAge. It was in this atmosphere that London became a leading center of culture as well as commerce. Its dramatists and poets were among the leading literary artists of the daythis is the environment in which Shakespeare lived and wrote. In the 1580s, the writings of the University Wits defined the London theatre. Though grounded in medieval/Jacobean roots, men such as Marlowe, Greene, Lyly, Kyd, and Peele, produced new dramas and comedies using Marlowes styling of blank verse. Shakespeare outdidRead More Shakespeares World Essay3144 Words   |  13 Pageshave known that he was a successful playwright while he was alive. There is not even a contemporary portrait to reveal his true appearance. Although a number of mentions of William Shakespeare the poet-dramatist appear on record during the 1590s and early 1600s, they comment only briefly on his writings, telling us nothing about the man. Less is known about Shakespeare than almost any other playwright of his time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The orthodox version of William Shakespeares life is probablyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

What Caused the Tiananmen Square Protests

There were many factors that led to the Tiananmen Square protest in 1989, but a number can be traced directly back a decade earlier to Deng Xiao Ping’s 1979 â€Å"opening† of China to major economic reforms. A nation that had long lived under the strictures of Maoism and the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution was suddenly exposed to a heady taste of freedom. Members of the Chinese press began to report on once-forbidden issues theyd never dared to cover in previous eras. Students openly debated politics on college campuses, and from 1978 to 1979, people posted political writings on a long brick wall in Beijing dubbed the â€Å"Democracy Wall. Setting the Stage for Unrest Western media coverage often painted the Tiananmen Square protests (known in China as the June Fourth Incident) in the simplistic terms of a cry for democracy in the face of oppressive Communist rule. However, a more nuanced understanding of this ultimately tragic event reveals four root causes that led up to the fateful confrontation. Growing Economic Disparity  Meets Rapid Culture Shift Major economic reforms in China resulted in growing economic prosperity, which in turn, led to increasing commercialism. Many business leaders willingly embraced Deng Xiao Ping’s â€Å"to get rich is glorious† philosophy. In the countryside, the de-collectivization that shifted farming practices from traditional communes back to individual family farming concerns—reversing the mandates of Chinas original Five-Year Plan—brought greater productivity and prosperity. However, the subsequent shift in wealth became a contributing factor to an increasingly contentious gap between the rich and the poor. Additionally, many segments of society that had experienced extreme disenfranchisement during the Cultural Revolution and earlier CCP policies finally had a forum to vent their frustrations. Workers and peasants began to come to  Tiananmen Square, which further concerned the Party leadership. Inflation High levels of inflation aggravated agricultural problems, adding fuel to the fire of escalating unrest. In a lecture that was part of the Independent Activities Period series, Communism in Crisis, China expert Professor Lucian W. Pye of M.I.T.s Department of Political Science noted that inflation, which was as high as 28%, led the government to give peasants IOUs instead of cash for grain. Elites and students may have thrived in this environment of increased market forces, but unfortunately, that wasn’t the case for peasants and laborers. Party Corruption By the late 1980s, many Chinese were growing frustrated with the corruption they saw within the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. One example of systemic abuse that particularly rankled was the numerous party leaders—and their children—whod been vested in joint-ventures that China had brokered with foreign companies. To many in the general populace, it looked as if the rich and powerful were only getting more rich and powerful while the common man was being locked out of the economic boom. Death of Hu Yaobang One of the few leaders viewed as incorruptible was Hu Yaobang. His death in April 1989 was the last straw that galvanized the Tiananmen Square protests. Genuine mourning turned into protesting against the government. The protests by the students grew. Unfortunately, with increasing numbers came increasing disorganization. In many ways, the student leadership seemed no better than the party it was determined to bring down. The students, whod grown up believing that the only viable form of protest was a revolutionary one—ironically, via the very Party propaganda of CCPs own revolution—viewed their demonstration through the same lens. While some moderate students returned to classes, hardline student leaders refused to negotiate. The Tide Turns Faced with the fear that the protest could escalate into revolution, the Party cracked down. In the end, though many of the elite youth protestors were arrested, it was ordinary citizens and workers who were killed. In the aftermath of events, the allegory was clear: The students whod championed the values they held dear—a free press, free speech, and the chance to make their own financial fortunes—survived; the disenfranchised workers and farmers with no viable means of being integrated into a changing society perished. Source Yee, Sophia. China Expert Pye Examines Tiananmen Massacre. The Tech. Volume 109,  Issue 60: Wednesday, January 24, 1990Pletcher, Kenneth. Tiananmen Square Incident. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Last updated, 2019

Database Questions Pg.80 - 956 Words

Alex Swan Mr. Davis 9/18/12 Homework Review Questions 3.1 Define the following terms as they apply to the relational model of data: Domain – Set of atomic (indivisible) values. Attribute – it describes a component of the database, such as a table or a field. N-tuple – in mathematics, an ordered set of n elements called its components or coordinates. Relation Schema – It is representation of database highlighting relationships that we have created. Relation State – set of tuples that have the same attributes. Degree of a relation – number of attributes n of its relation schema. Relational Database Schema – Tables, columns and relationships that make up a relational database. Relational database state – is a union of†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the super superkey is always the set of all attributes of a relation. 3.5 Why do we designate one of the candidate keys of a relation to be the primary key? - When there are more than one keys in a relation schema of database, all these keys are referred to as candidate keys. But, a particular candidate key is called as a primary key over the other candidate keys. This primary key is generally a single attribute or a smaller number of attributes. We designate so because it becomes fairly easier to deal with a database when we can have a single distinct key for a particular relation instead of having more than one key. 3.6 Discuss the characteristics of relations that make them different from ordinary tables and files? - Ordering of tuples in a Relation: The tuples are not considered to be ordered, even though they appear to be in the tabular form. - Ordering of attributes in a relation schema R and of values within each tuples: We consider the attributes in R(A1, A2, .., An) and the values in t=lt;v1, v2, .., vngt; to be ordered. - Values in a tuple: All values are considered to be atomic or indivisible. A special null value is used to represent values that are unknown or inapplicable to certain tuples. 3.7 Discuss the various reasons that lead to the occurrence of NULL values inShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast The Definitions And Meanings Of Decision Support Systems1116 Words   |  5 Pagesanalytics is It is difficult to have one definition of each of these terms because they are so closely related they almost seem like the same thing to some people. Draw conceptual model relating these three terms 2. (20 pts) Refer to Figure 1.11 on pg. 23 of your text. Explain the differences/similarities †¦ Descriptive analytics is knowing what is currently happening within a business based on what has happened in the past. 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The frustration felt by some of the non-technical employees tends to be related to poor communication among the groups in question. Based on the conclusion that both the Sales and Marketing departments require a more visible leadership style, it is important that they are lead by example and that the leader does not ask the employees to do anything that they are not willingRead MoreUnited States Air Force Research Paper2115 Words   |  9 PagesUnited States Air Force has been serving t his country for over six decades. They have helped to provide a vast security blanket for this nation. Their mission statement is to â€Å"fly, fight, and win†¦in air, space and cyberspace† (www.airforce/ourmission.com pg.1). To achieve their mission statement, the AF relentlessly voices how important it is to stick to their core competencies to their troops. The core competencies are Air and Space Superiority, Global Attack, Rapid Global Mobility, Precision EngagementRead MoreCissp Study Guide67657 Words   |  271 PagesISC CISSP ISC CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional Practice Test Version ISC CISSP: Practice Exam QUESTION NO: 1 All of the following are basic components of a security policy EXCEPT the A. definition of the issue and statement of relevant terms. B. statement of roles and responsibilities C. statement of applicability and compliance requirements. D. statement of performance of characteristics and requirements. Answer: D Explanation: Policies are considered the firstRead MoreA Study Based Interventions Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder3343 Words   |  14 Pagesevidence about family-centered play therapy and ASD is sufficient to support OT’s using play therapy as part of their interventions with children with ASD. Question What is the evidence that family-centered play-based occupational therapy supports play skill development in children aged 3-9 with Autism Spectrum Disorder? Search Strategy Databases and sites searched Search Terms Limits Used Number of Hits EBSCO Host autis* AND child* AND play Years 1990-2014 2523 CINAHL Autis* AND child* AND play therapy

How to Put Together a Desktop Computer Tower Free Essays

As a teenager I was always fond of computer. I built my first desktop computer in 2009 when I was able to afford purchasing all the components myself. In March of 2012 my desktop had a power surge and short-circuited the motherboard, rendering the rest of the components useless. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Put Together a Desktop Computer Tower or any similar topic only for you Order Now I tore apart the desktop tower and inspected all my components to see what would be reusable. The power supply, video card, CD optical drive, and hard drive could all be salvaged. I placed all the salvaged components in an anti-static bag and stored them in a dry and relatively cool area in my closet. Once I knew what components and new hardware I would need I began researching all the new products in the market. I realized my once top of the line components were outdated but, being poor I had to make due with my salvaged parts. The list of components needed was concise, but rather expensive. I needed a new motherboard, central processing unit, processor cooler, and a new desktop computer tower case. I had to wait and save another paycheck to buy all the necessary components. As soon as all my components arrived I cleared approximately a five by five foot flat surface in my living room and laid all my components down in their boxes. I first unboxed my tower case and read the manual of its capabilities and how its fans are set up. I then opened all the rest of the boxes and laid out each component. Inspection of each component is a must at this point. If you’re able to find damage before you put your computer together it’ll save you the time of disassembling your computer once you’ve found out something has malfunctioned. If you’re lucky like I was you will not have any damaged parts and you can continue to assemble your computer rig. The first step to assembling the computer is to install your central processing unit. In my case, I had to install both the central processing unit and the processor cooler on the motherboard before mounting it in the tower case. Once that was installed I proceeded to installation of the video card. On the motherboard there is a specific PCI-express x16 slot made for fast reading components such as the video card. Some video cards require two slots for the supplied cooling fan, as the more graphically demanding the software you run on your computer will be, the hotter your video card will run. After the video card was installed I then installed the random access memory sticks into their respective slots on the motherboard. The last major component of the build is the power supply. This connects directly to each of the separate components to supply electricity. Learning to build computers by myself was very easy. The key to success with computers is to stay calm and remain calm. I self-taught myself how to build a computer was as easy as reading the manual. All the supplied manuals I received with my components were very clear and accurate. They explain how to route wires, where to plug-in each component, and to make sure each part in seated properly. How to cite How to Put Together a Desktop Computer Tower, Essay examples

How to Put Together a Desktop Computer Tower Free Essays

As a teenager I was always fond of computer. I built my first desktop computer in 2009 when I was able to afford purchasing all the components myself. In March of 2012 my desktop had a power surge and short-circuited the motherboard, rendering the rest of the components useless. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Put Together a Desktop Computer Tower or any similar topic only for you Order Now I tore apart the desktop tower and inspected all my components to see what would be reusable. The power supply, video card, CD optical drive, and hard drive could all be salvaged. I placed all the salvaged components in an anti-static bag and stored them in a dry and relatively cool area in my closet. Once I knew what components and new hardware I would need I began researching all the new products in the market. I realized my once top of the line components were outdated but, being poor I had to make due with my salvaged parts. The list of components needed was concise, but rather expensive. I needed a new motherboard, central processing unit, processor cooler, and a new desktop computer tower case. I had to wait and save another paycheck to buy all the necessary components. As soon as all my components arrived I cleared approximately a five by five foot flat surface in my living room and laid all my components down in their boxes. I first unboxed my tower case and read the manual of its capabilities and how its fans are set up. I then opened all the rest of the boxes and laid out each component. Inspection of each component is a must at this point. If you’re able to find damage before you put your computer together it’ll save you the time of disassembling your computer once you’ve found out something has malfunctioned. If you’re lucky like I was you will not have any damaged parts and you can continue to assemble your computer rig. The first step to assembling the computer is to install your central processing unit. In my case, I had to install both the central processing unit and the processor cooler on the motherboard before mounting it in the tower case. Once that was installed I proceeded to installation of the video card. On the motherboard there is a specific PCI-express x16 slot made for fast reading components such as the video card. Some video cards require two slots for the supplied cooling fan, as the more graphically demanding the software you run on your computer will be, the hotter your video card will run. After the video card was installed I then installed the random access memory sticks into their respective slots on the motherboard. The last major component of the build is the power supply. This connects directly to each of the separate components to supply electricity. Learning to build computers by myself was very easy. The key to success with computers is to stay calm and remain calm. I self-taught myself how to build a computer was as easy as reading the manual. All the supplied manuals I received with my components were very clear and accurate. They explain how to route wires, where to plug-in each component, and to make sure each part in seated properly. How to cite How to Put Together a Desktop Computer Tower, Essay examples

Course Notes - Speaking to Inform free essay sample

Some informative speeches are about processes. 1 . A process is a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. 2. Speeches about processes explain how something is made, describe how something is done, or convey how something works. 3. There are two kinds of informative speeches about processes. A. One type explains a process so the audience will understand it better. B. The other type explains a process so the audience will be able to perform the process themselves. 4. Speeches about processes often require visual aids. C.Charts are an effective way to outline the steps of a process. D. In some cases, the speaker will need to demonstrate the steps or techniques of the process. 5. Speeches about processes require careful organization. E. Speeches that explain a process step by step are arranged in chronological order. F. Speeches that focus on the major principles or techniques involved in performing the process are usually arranged in topical order. We will write a custom essay sample on Course Notes Speaking to Inform or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page G. Whichever method of organization is used, each step in the process must be clear and easy for listeners to follow. C. Some informative speeches are about events. Speeches about events can deal with any kind of happening or occurrence. The occurrence may be historical in nature. B. The occurrence may be everyday in nature. 2. There are many ways to organize a speech about an event. C. Speeches that recount the history of an event are arranged in chronological order. D. Speeches that deal with particular elements of an event are usually arranged in topical order. D. Some informative speeches are about concepts. 1 . Speeches about concepts convey information concerning beliefs, theories, principles or other abstract subjects. . Speeches about concepts are usually arranged in topical order. C. One common approach is to enumerate the main features or aspects of the concept. D. A more complex approach is to define the concept, identify its major elements, and illustrate it with specific examples. 3. Speeches about concepts are often more complex than other kinds of informative speeches. A. When discussing concepts, a speaker should avoid technical language and define terms clearly. B. A speaker should also use examples and comparisons to make concepts understandable to listeners. E.The lines dividing peaches about objects, processes, events and concepts are not absolute. Most topics can fit into more than one category depending upon how the speech is developed. 2. The most important thing is that speakers decide how they want to handle a topic and then develop the speech accordingly. II. There are five guidelines for effective informative speaking. A. Informative speakers should be wary of overestimating what the audience knows. 3. In most cases, the audience will be only vaguely knowledgeable about the speakers topic. 4. The speaker cannot assume the audience will know what he or she means. Did misunderstanding, the speaker must explain ideas thoroughly and clearly. B. Informative speakers should find ways to relate the subject directly to the audience. 1. Informative speakers must recognize that what is fascinating to them may not be fascinating to everybody. 2. Effective informative speakers work to get the audience interested and to keep them interested. E. They begin with a creative introduction that connects the topic with the interests and concerns of the audience. F. They find ways throughout the body of the speech to talk about the topic in terms of their sterner.C. Informative speakers should avoid being too technical. 1. An informative speech may be overly technical because the subject matter is too specialized for the audience. 2. An informative speech may also be overly technical because of the speakers use of Jargon or obscure language. 3. Effective informative speakers select topics that are not too technical for the audience. 4. Effective informative speakers recognize that language appropriate for an audience of specialists may well be confusing to a general audience. D. Informative speakers should avoid abstractions. Replacing tedious abstractions with specific details makes an informative speech more compelling. 2. One way to avoid abstractions is thorough description. A. Colorful descriptions of external events can draw listeners into the speech. B. Description can also be used to communicate internal feelings vividly and engagingly. 3. A second way to avoid abstractions is with comparisons. A. Comparisons allow a speaker to explain new ideas in concrete, familiar terms. B. Effective informative speakers are adept at using comparisons to draw listeners into the speech. A third way to avoid abstractions is with contrast. A. Like comparison, contract can put abstractions into concrete terms. B. Contrast is also an excellent way to give listeners a sense of perspective on concepts and events. E. Informative speakers should personalize their ideas. Nothing enlivens an informative speech more than personal illustrations. 2. Whenever possible, informative speakers should try to dramatist their ideas in human terms. 3. The best way to accomplish this is with examples real or hypothetical that personalize the subject matter.

Menace Ii Society free essay sample

Derrick Smith Thomas SO 325 Menace II Society In life we all have to make decisions that we feel will give us the most personal gain. Although we make decisions that are meant to have the most positive effect on us, they don’t always result in the most positive outcomes. In the movie â€Å"Menace II Society†, we follow Kane Lawson through his life as he makes decisions that will alter his life in the best way he feels is possible. Kane has grown up in a rough, predominantly black neighborhood filled with poverty, drug dealing, gang violence, and death. The choices Kane has to make to better himself could result from the conclusion of a few different kinds of Criminal theories. I will explain how six different theories could explain the events that took place in the movie. The first theory I will discuss is Social Learning. Social Learning Theory is the focus on learning socially constructed meanings and beliefs through the association of peers and family. We will write a custom essay sample on Menace Ii Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People are socialized to understand these meanings and beliefs then they negotiate these meanings through family and friends where they then are reinforced. This is the process where we not only learn the â€Å"how-to†, but the â€Å"why it’s ok† to engage in criminal acts. Sutherland states that Differential Association is learned through interactions with others and through the intensity and frequency of these interactions we learn the techniques and the attitudes. Akers adds that operant conditioning, such as external positive and negative reinforcement and punishers, along with imitation, and modeling contribute to the reason an individual leads to crime.

Childs Relationships with Others Essay Example

Childs Relationships with Others? Essay Temperamental and self-control differences persist to receive strong interest in the psychological and educational studies. The examination of learning have long highlighted the role that temperamental characteristics and accepting the differences can play in promoting successful response to the learning environment. Currently, education is challenged to meet the needs of students, in order to confine talents and human resources. Discerning temperaments of at-risk youth comparative to learning and instructional practices is a fruitful avenue in which actions can be taken to help each student’s unique approach to the educational environment. In this manner, adolescence presents some of the utmost challenges to educators as they try to accommodate for temperamental considerations. As such, childhood and adolescence is an chance in which support of learning temperaments is helpful to both educators and students alike. Such individualization is practical and stresses the significance of working with student empathies. Shaffer (1996) wrote that temperament refers to an individuals behavioral style as he or she relates to other persons and to the inanimate environment. It is generally considered to develop early in life; to persist, with some modification, across the life span; and to be at least partially rooted in the individuals genetic makeup. In the sibling relations studies reviewed below, the investigators have been particularly interested in children who display low persistence, high activity, and strong expression of emotions such as frustration and anger. These researchers hypothesized that such a temperament in any sibling would be associated with higher levels of conflict and lower levels of positivist in sibling relationships (p. 1228). We will write a custom essay sample on Childs Relationships with Others? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Childs Relationships with Others? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Childs Relationships with Others? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This hypothesis has received support from data indicating that temperament, measured using maternal reports, can contribute to sibling relationship quality from the relationships beginning. Children with difficult, less adaptable temperaments displayed greater distress in response to the birth of a sibling than did easier, more adaptive children. Similarly, mothers participating in a study reported that children who experienced more negative moods in general were more likely to withdraw and experience sleeping problems after the birth of a sibling than were children who scored below the median on negative mood. Children who were extremely emotionally intense and experienced frequent negative moods were clingier after the birth of a brother or sister than were children with easier temperaments. Children who were more withdrawn before the birth showed less positive interest in their new siblings than did more outgoing children (Carey, 1998, p. 522-529). Temperament continues to impact the sibling relationship as it develops. Sibling temperaments were found to account for unique variance in explaining qualitative aspects of young childrens sibling relationships. Children with highly active temperaments experienced four times as much sibling conflict than did less active children. Similarly, younger siblings directed more agonism toward highly active older siblings. They also found that, for girls, high activity, high emotional intensity, and low persistence were associated with greater sibling conflict; for boys, sibling conflict was predicted most reliably from these temperamental characteristics in younger brothers (Carey, 1998, p. 530-533). Temperament is composed of nine dimensions including activity, adaptability, distractibility, approach/withdrawal, intensity, mood, persistence, rhythmicity, and threshold. These dimensions cluster into three temperament constellations, or behavioral styles, known as the easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up style. The difficult style, often associated with preterm infants, is composed of five dimensions, denoting a child who is arrhythmic, withdrawing, and not adaptable, and who displays intense moods that are often negative. Use of such categorization, however, has been questioned and criticized in the literature as inappropriate or hasty when applying such a negative label to the still developing child (Shaffer, 1883, p. 1228-1231). Although the manifestation of temperament is expected to change appropriately with behavior development, temperament characteristics are presumed to be innate and generally stable throughout childhood. It is possible that many differences in temperament ratings between preterm and full-term infants are related to developmental differences. Poor motor control, abnormal reflexes, and lower autonomic regulation have been found in preterm infants. Newcomb (1993) indicates that lower gestational age has been associated with less vigor, less motor activity, and a lesser ability to orient. Preterm infants tend to display extremes in neurobehavioral assessment (e.g., high or low intensity of crying or motor activity) that moderates with increasing gestational age at birth. The preterm infants lack of cortical inhibitory or modulatory (p. 101) ability may be associated with adaptability (modifying reactions to stimuli), intensity (energy level of response), or other temperament dimensions. Th us, although it is unknown empirically, what we refer to as temperament manifestations in preterm infants may be related to differences in temporal maturity of underlying neurobehavioral processes (Newcomb, 1993, p. 99-128). Changes in temperament over time may influence, or be influenced by, infant-parent interactions. Hospitalized preterm infants display more active sleep and smiles during infant-parent interactions, in contrast to more sleep-wake transitions, jitters, and body movement during infant-nurse interactions. Once at home, parents assume more responsibility for routine care, yet interactions between parents and preterm infants tend to be less satisfying than interactions between parents and full-term infants. Preterm infants are less able to coordinate their behavioral cycles of affect and attention during social interaction, and their cues are often hard to read. In comparison, term infants are more likely to lead interactions (Shaffer, 1996, p. 865-877). How are the characteristics of an individual childs temperament related to the quality of that childs relationships with others? In order to answer this question we will consider factors that take part in forming those characteristics of child’s temperament. The major factor is the family, the environment where a child is brought up. Dodge (1990) suggests that â€Å"childrens home lives have undergone considerable changes over the past few decades. As a result of increased out-of-wedlock childbearing and rising levels of divorce, more children spend at least part of their childhood years in single-parent households. Employing the theoretical perspective of the life course through which parents lives are viewed as impacting those of their children, we first question how current family and parental work circumstances shape young childrens emotional well-being and behavior†Ã‚   (p. 129-132). To place our research questions in theoretical context, we draw on several key principles of the life-course paradigm: the interdependencies of lives; the role of human agency in decision making and action; and the importance of the timing of life events. A central tenet of the life-course perspective is that the lives of one generation are linked to the lives of other generations. The linked lives of parents and children are particularly important because although children often have little voice in the decision making of their parents lives, the family and work circumstances of adults define childrens living situations to a large extent by influencing the levels of various social, economic, and human capital resources available to children within the household (Dodge, 1990, p. 137-142). Although childrens lives are impacted by a range of social institutions outside of the family, such as schools and neighborhoods, the fates of family members are tightly linked, and families retain a key role in the social and behavioral development of children. Family structure, the provision of skills and abilities by adult household members and the potential competition for resources from other dependents in the family therefore all help to shape the familial environment in which children are raised. Theoretical framework, families provide financial, human, and social capital for their members, and each of these three facets of capital influence childrens development. In mass communication research, communication climate pertaining to the flow and exchange of information and maintenance of harmony among family members has long been viewed as an important influence on childrens attitudes and behaviors. The Family Communication Patterns (FCP) construct, first developed as a part of a political socialization study, has inspired numerous studies over the past two decades on the influences of parents communication styles. Studies have shown that family communication patterns affect childrens susceptibility to persuasion, their aggressiveness, and their interest in politics, knowledge of political affairs, and political campaign activity, as well as their media use, interpretation of media content, consumer behavior, and materialism (Austin, Roberts, Nass, 1990, p. 54). Although there is abundant empirical evidence demonstrating the important consequences of family communication styles on children, most of these studies have focused on the attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. Little research attention has been devoted to examining the influences of family communication styles on individuals personality development. Consideration of the contribution that temperament might make towards childrens social competence and social status has stemmed from the recognition of particular individual differences that appear, at least in part, to be constitutionally based and that reflect stylistic patterns of behavior. While adaptive or ‘maladjustive’ outcomes are clearly not dependent on the contribution of temperament alone, there is evidence that individual differences in temperament qualities, such as activity level or approach/withdrawal, may be related to childrens social functioning and adjustment within the peer group (Farver Branstetter, 1994, p. 334-340). Research with preschoolers has indicated that individual differences in temperamental characteristics may influence the adjustment children make to the preschool setting, the responses they make to their peers and the quality of their relationships with other children (Farver Branstetter, 1994, p. 341). In general, children with easy temperaments, defined as approachful, adaptive and positive in mood have been found to respond pro-socially to peer distress, have more positive and interactive relationships with friends and peers and be rated as behaviorally adjusted to the preschool environment in terms of cooperation and persistence (Mobley Pullis, 1991, p. 577-586). In contrast, children with difficult temperaments appear to have relationships that are more problematic with their peers and are more likely to exhibit socialization and behavioral problems Although there is evidence to suggest that individual temperamental characteristics may be linked to social adjustment and to frequency of socialization problems, the relationship between temperament, sex and social status has not been explored fully with respect to preschool-aged children. While some previous research has revealed clear sex differences in the display of temperamental characteristics identified as difficult, whether temperamental characteristics are differentially related to social status for boys and for girls are unclear. For example, there is some evidence that the temperament dimension of arousability may be negatively related to peer status for girls, whose play tends to be more sedentary than boys, yet positively related to peer status for boys, at least in early adolescence (Bukowski, Gauze, Hoza, Newcomb, 1993, p. 255-263). Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine sex and social status differences in temperamental characteristics for preschool-aged children. It was expected that, in contrast to rejected children, popular children would exhibit fewer of those temperamental characteristics identified as difficult such as high activity levels, high distractibility, and negative mood. Although a difficult temperament may be predictive of low peer status for both boys and girls, it was expected that not only may boys be more likely to display difficult temperaments than girls, but that contextual features such as the differing interactional styles and norms for behavior that exist within boys groups and within girls groups may mediate the relationship between temperamental characteristics and social status. Given the importance of positive peer relationships for childrens concurrent and future adjustment, examination of the linkages between temperamental characteristics, sex and social status appears to be important in understanding the influence and functional significance that temperament may have with respect to behavioral individuality an d social adjustment (McLeod, Fitzpatrick, Glynn, Fallis, 1982, p. 95-110). The strong links between temperamental characteristics and social status evident in the present findings suggest, as Brownell and Hazen (1999) propose, that individual temperamental characteristics might be more directly translated into individual differences in styles of social interaction during early childhood than in later school years. While individual differences in peer competence among older children may be more a function of complex interactions between temperamental characteristics and social experiences, during the early childhood years, temperament may make a large contribution towards both the quantity and the quality of childrens interactions with their peers. Thus, a child initially rejected by his or her peers due to temperamental characteristics may fail to develop the effective interpersonal skills necessary for mature and competent social behavior. The present results therefore indicate that intervention programs for children at preschool age need to take into acco unt the particular temper amental styles, which appear to be associated with rejection in early childhood (p. 403-413). As models of social competence emphasize the ongoing interactions between individuals and the environment, competent behavior must include the ability to generate behavioral responses, which match the situational requirements of the social environment (Wine Smye, 1981, p. 25). The temperament differences in Task Distractibility between boys and girls identified in the present study appear to be relevant to adjustment both within the peer group and, more broadly within the preschool environment (Mobley Pullis, 1991, p. 586). Thus, future research into the social learning experiences of young boys which appear to interact with early temperamental characteristics to place boys at greater risk for the development of social difficulties would appear to be well worthwhile.